Part Two
第二部分
作者:法国分析家Magnolia Chiang-Laluc
翻译:张宜宏
2008年中国青少年心理健康论坛讲座文字资料
But adolescence is also a time for the creation of the object, specially the cultural object. In the department where I work, we have created a CATTP (Centre d’accueil thérapeutique à temps partiel = Outpatient Therapy Centre) for adolescents. It offers various therapeutic groups : some of them are leaded by artists (musicians, plastic artists, painters); some other groups organise psychodrama and various cultural days out. Expression through the creation of objects aims to bring about a process of sublimation and idealization.
但青春期也是一个客体创造的时期,尤其是文化的客体。在我工作的科室里,我们为青少年设立了门诊治疗中心(CATTP)。中心提供各种各样的治疗性团体:一些团体由艺术家(音乐家,雕塑艺术家,画家)带领;其它一些团体组织心理剧和外面的不同文化日。借助客体的创造来表达,其目的是引起升华和理想化的过程。
The “passage” from childhood to adolescence must take place within shared frameworks, which differ depending on each society, so that it does not produce too many ruptures (we see in our practice many adolescents presenting body “fractures”). In some societies, this moment takes place in a collective framework, through initiation rites (socially valued collective ceremonies with a symbolic character, which result in the change of social status of the initiated). These rites assign new places and help young people to get rid of transgressive guilt feelings. A merely “helpless passage”, without social backing, is experienced as a transgression. In our current societies, young people do not feel submitted to a tradition, to an authority. Adolescents have to find the meaning of their life by themselves and this is one of their most urgent issues.
从童年到青春期的“旅行”必须在共享的组织内部发生,因每个社团而异,以便能顺利进行(在实践中我们见到许多青少年表现出躯体“破绽”)。在一些社团,这一刻借助入会仪式(社会重视的具有符号特征的集体典礼,引起新加入者社会地位的改变)发生在一个集体组织内。这些仪式安排新的地点并帮助年轻人摆脱犯错带来的负罪感。没有社会支持的仅仅“无助的旅行”被体验为过错。在我们当今的社会里,年轻人并不屈服于传统和权威。青少年不得不自己找到他们生活的意义,而且这是他们最紧要的问题之一。
Our modern societies do not have a place for these initiation rites anymore. The difficulty of this “passage” to adulthood is indeed intensified by muddled points of reference, meanings and values. The absence of rituals and of social recognition means that the adolescent, at this moment in his personal history, lacks the guarantee of the value and significance of his existence. On top of this, the adolescent is faced to the loosening of family ties, the geographic dispersion of the family, the reduction in the number of siblings, the weakness of couples (separation, divorce, domestic violence).
我们现代的社会已经不再有用于这些入会仪式的地方了。这一到成人期的“旅行”真正受到混乱的参照标准,意义和价值所强化。仪式和社会认可的缺乏意味着青少年在他个人历史中的这一刻,缺少对其存在价值和重要性的保证。在这点上,青少年面临着家庭纽带的松散,家庭在地理上的分散,兄弟姐妹数量的减少,配偶的弱点(分离,离婚,家庭暴力)。
In our society, this moment of passage to adulthood is shaped by the subject himself (the adolescent). He seeks support from the available “big Others” within his reach and which are in the position of “third parties”. Lacan stated that “The unconscious is the discourse of the Other”. It is in this Other – the first one being the talking mother – where the subject will find the language elements with which he will talk. At the same time, when he speaks, he will be referring to the “place” of this Other. The Subject therefore bases himself on the Other. If this Other is absent, anguished or if he provokes guilt feelings, the adolescent will aim at risk behaviours, so that he can allow himself to proceed alone through this passage. These risk behaviours actually differ from the will to die. They have the value of intimate rituals. The point of these behaviours is to test a personal determination, to experience the intensity of being, to share something with others, to express his or her suffering, and to give a “shout for help”. We must make the difference between these risk behaviours (such as drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, drink driving, violence, eating disorders, unprotected sex, gambling with life and death), and mere misdemeanours (such as shoplifting, smoking, forging parents’ signatures at school, not paying for public transport, etc).
在我们社会里,旅行到成人的这一刻由主体自己(青少年)设计。他寻求来自其解除范围内可利用的“大他”以及“第三方”位置的支持。拉康说“潜意识是他者的话语”。正是在这一他者那里(第一个他者是在说话的母亲)主体会找到他将要用来谈话的语言要素。与此同时,当他说话时他会提到这一他者的“位置”。因此主体将他自身建立在他者基础之上。假如这一他者缺失,痛苦或激起负疚感,青少年会以冒险行为为目标,以便他能容许自己单独开展这一旅行。这些冒险行为实际不同于死的愿望。它们具有入会仪式的作用。这些行为的目的是检验一个私人决定,体验存在的强度,同他人分享什么,表达他或她的痛苦,以及给予“呼救”。我们必须将这些冒险行为(例如药物成瘾,青少年犯罪,酒后驾驶,暴力,摄食障碍,无保护的性,用生和死打赌)同纯粹的行为不端(诸如商店行窃,抽烟,在学校伪造父母的签名,不为公共运输付款,等等)加以区分。
We must remember that adolescence is the time when the young person has to come to terms with his “sexuation” (sexual differentiation). Puberty is a biological and physiological event that awakens drives. As we know, these drives go hand in hand with body changes. As a result of this process, the adolescent will eventually be able to “fall in love”. The adolescent in love needs to pass through the storm of drives and passions typical of a romantic attachment. This journey, in turn, will put the strength of the subject’s structure to the test and it will also be a source of anxiety.
我们必须记住,青春期是年轻人不得不同其“性化”达成妥协(性分化)的时期。身体发育是一个唤醒驱力的生物学和生理学事件。如我们所知,这些驱力与身体改变相伴而来。由于这一过程,青少年将终于能够“坠入爱河”。恋爱中的青少年需要经历以浪漫依恋为典型的驱力和激情风暴。这一历程反过来将会检验主体结构强度,而且也会是焦虑的一个来源。
This anxiety arises when he is “confronted” by the sexual act. If we come back to the mirror stage, we can say that the body transformed by puberty will live again the mirror experience: once more, the adolescent will experience his body as different and as unfamiliar (not recognizable). The few signs that he had picked up as a child have now changed. For the infant, the gaze and voice of his mother were very important. In the same way, the gaze of the “other” restores, for the adolescent, an adult body which is not yet his own. Thus, on the one hand the young person is confronted by the fact that he does not recognize his own image any more, and on the other, he has to face up to an other, or others, who tell him: “You are a grown up now!”.
当青少年面临性行为时,这一焦虑产生。假如我们回到镜像阶段,我们可以说,经由身体发育而得到改观的身体将再次经历镜像体验:青少年将再一次将其身体体验为不同而且不熟悉的(不可辨认的)。他曾作为一个孩子学到的少数符号如今变化了。对婴儿来说,妈妈的凝视和声音很重要。同样,对青少年来说,“他者”的凝视修复一个仍然不是他自己的成人身体。这样,年轻人一方面面临他不再认出自身形象的事实,另一方面他又不得不勇敢面对一个或多个他者,他者告诉他:“你现在长大成人了!”
How can he recover this unsteady body unity? The sexuation paths of the future adult subject are mostly drawn in the mirror. The new upsurge of sexuality brings about the configuration of a new sexual identity. But the adolescent will follow a certain number of errant ways and even of repetitions in his relation to others, before becoming stable around an unconscious position as sexuated subject.
他如何才能修复这一不稳定的身体统一体呢?未来成人主体性化的道路多数在镜像中形成。新的性欲高涨带来新的性别认同形态。但青少年在围绕作为性化主体的潜意识态度开始变得稳定之前,他在同他人的关系中将遵循一定数量的错误方式,甚至一定的重复。
In this return to the mirror stage – and in the mirror illusion that the unity is there, in his own body – there is a search for “himself when being in love” (we know that love presents a tenderness impulse and a sexual impulse), a search for somebody that looks like him (himself – a young man or herself –a young woman). He or she attempts to find his wholeness in the Other, but not to the extent of obliterating the sex difference. The adolescent’s recognition of the difference of sexes is one of the fundamental elements in the structuring of the subject. Sometimes there is a same-sex romantic attraction – a boyfriend or a girlfriend. This attraction does not indicate a definitive homosexual inclination. Some adolescents will have transitory homosexual experiences as part of their passage. This is a narcissistic experience rather than a homosexual one: it is oneself with oneself.
在这一到镜像阶段的返回中——而且在统一体存在的镜像幻觉中,在他自己的身体内——寻求“正处在恋爱中的他自身”(我们知道爱引起温情冲动和性冲动),寻求某个看起来象他的人(他自身——年轻男人或她自身——年轻女人)。他或她试图在他者那里找到他的完整性,却没有到抹杀性差异的程度。青少年对性别差异的认识是在主体构建中的基本要素之一。有时有同性的罗曼蒂克吸引——男友或女友。这一吸引并不表明确定的同性恋倾向。一些青少年会有过渡性同性恋体验作为他们旅程的一部分。这是一个自恋性体验而不是同性恋体验:它是一个人自己跟自己的体验。
In practising psychoanalysis with an adolescent, we learn that adolescence happens within the framework of a new experience, a new “jouissance” that originates in his/her body. This enigma sets in motion a search for ways in which he can use this “jouissance” (jouis – sens), a search for the sense of this enjoyment, an attempt to find the sense of this new “sexual” dimension.
在对青少年的精神分析实践中,我们了解到青春期发生在一个新体验的框架内,一个起源于他/她身体的新的“欢愉”。这个谜开动他去寻求能运用这一“欢愉”的方式,寻求这一享乐的感觉,试图找到这一新的“性别”特点的意义。
Without lingering extensively upon pathology, my intention has been to present you with this “in-between time” which the adolescent has to go through. This is certainly not an “easy task”.
不用广泛地在病理学上逗留,我的意图是描述青少年不得不经历的这一“中间时期”。这当然不是一件“容易的事情”。
Up to now, we have been considering, the problems of the identity and sexuation of the adolescent. We have gone in a “round trip” from infancy to adolescence, and we have considered all its implications for the mirror stage and for the question of the Other (with a capital O).
到目前为止,我们谈到了青少年认同及性化的问题。我们走过一个从婴幼儿到青少年的“环形旅程”,也考虑到了它对镜像阶段及他者问题的一切含义。
Let us consider now our place as psychoanalysts or therapists. How do we “help” the adolescent who undergoes this difficult passage? Here “help” means “going along with”. How do we back up this unsteady narcissism?
现在让我们思考我们作为精神分析师或治疗师的位置。我们怎样“帮助”经历这一困难旅行的青少年?这里“帮助”意味着“陪伴”。我们怎样支持这一不稳定的自恋呢?
In our clinical work, we notice that the adolescent frequently looks for an “instant recovery”; for him “it’s a matter of urgency”. The adolescents often complain about the necessary length of the analytic cure; however, as Winnicott said, the only remedy would be “the course of time”. Accepting that it will take time is already an important element of the treatment. This time is now different from the baby’s maternal time, where there are no breaks, no separation, even if, as is the case with baby, a time is already established as rhythm, the alternating rhythm between the absence and the presence of mother. This is what the speech says with the two words of the “Fort-Da” game.
在我们的临床工作中,我们注意到青少年频频寻找一个“即时恢复”;对他来说“这是一个紧急的事情”。青少年时常抱怨分析性治愈的必要长度;然而,如同温尼科特所说,唯一的治疗将会是“时间的进程”。接受治疗将会花费一定的时间,这已经是治疗的一个重要要素。这一时间如今不同于婴儿的母性时间,在那个时间里面没有间歇,没有分离,即使如婴儿那样,一个时间已经作为节律,在妈妈在场和不在场之间轮流交替的节律建立起来。这就是演讲用佛洛伊德式线轴游戏(“Fort-Da” game)的两个单词所说的内容。
You know well the story that Freud told about his little grandson; he observed the young child throwing away from himself a wooden reel with a piece of string tied around it and uttering an “o-o-o-o” – his early pronunciation of the German word fort (gone) – and that he said da (“there” in German) when he pulled the reel towards himself and made it reappear. This movement will re-emerge during adolescence as a replay of the paternal metaphor. The time I was just mentioning – to know, the time needed for the analytic cure – is a function of the symbolic father.
你们知道弗洛伊德讲述的那个关于他小外孙的故事;他观察到小孩子从自己手上抛开木制陀螺,陀螺用一串细绳系在四周,他一边抛一边发出“o-o-o-o”的声音——德语单词fort(去)的早期发音——而且当他将轮子朝他自己拉过来并让它重现时,他说da(德文意思是“在那儿”)。这一运动将会在青春期作为父亲隐喻的重演而重新出现。我刚才提到的时间——要知道,对分析性治愈所需要的时间——是象征性父亲的一个功能。
As with all other symbolic passages – in this case, we are referring to the passage from adolescence to adulthood – there can be “failures”, if we can call them like this : acute psychoses, schizophrenias, delusional outbursts, etc. Lacan said that the foreclosure of the paternal metaphor is decisive in the presentation of delusions.
同其它所有象征性旅行一样——在这种情况下,我们正谈到从青春期到成年的旅行——可能有“故障”,假如我们能够象这样称呼它们:急性精神病,精神分裂症,妄想爆发,等等。拉康说对父亲隐喻的排斥在妄想表现中是决定性的。
Before deciding on any diagnosis, as psychoanalysts or therapists, we need to let this time of adolescence unfold, expand, because sometimes this “adolescent” moment itself presents as a moment of “psychotic uncertainty” (“psychotic vacillation”).
在确定任何诊断之前,如同精神分析师或治疗师那样,我们需要让这个青春期的时间展开,扩展,因为有时候这一“青少年的”时刻自身作为“精神病性不确定”(“精神病性波动”)的时刻而呈现。
Indeed, differentiating between what is “normal” and what is “pathological” is a problem for our clinical approach. This differentiation cannot consider alone either the “acting out” or the symptom but it must see them in their dynamic relationship and in their origin.
实际上,对我们的临床方法而言,在什么是“正常的”和什么是“病理的”之间作出区分是一个问题。这一区分不可能单独考虑到是“见诸行动”还是症状,却必须在他们的动力学关系和起源中看待它们。
What are the implications for us as psychoanalysts and as therapists? We have to listen also to what is “acted out”. We have to be able to “support” this acting out, but in the double sense of the french word “supporter” - which means, at the same time, “to hold” and to “endure”. If we do not recognize a call in these actions, there is a chance of escalation towards other actions. The adolescent is not very inclined to talk; he is more prone to writing – tags, blogs, secret diaries, etc.
对我们精神分析师和治疗师的意义是什么呢?我们不得不也去倾听什么是“见诸行动”的。我们必须能“支持”这一见诸行动,而且在法语单词“supporter”的双重含义中——那意味着与此同时“抱持”和“忍受”。如果我们没有在这些行动中辨认出一个请求,就有着朝向其它行动升级的机会。青少年不太倾向于交谈;他更易于写作——语录,博客,秘密日记,等等。
Adolescence is not a disease: it is a time in our existence when the subject looks for his sexuation through a psychic endeavour. To succeed in this task, he will have to mourn his own primary narcissism, and this also implies the mourning of “his childhood parents”. As Winnicott said, the adolescent does not want to be understood; rather, he looks for confrontation. If he appeals directly to his parents, to other adults or to the psychoanalyst, it is not because he wants them to impose an answer to his questions. What he wants is to be sure that there is somebody who will accept his confrontation without feeling psychically threatened.
青春期不是一个疾病:它是在我们存在中的一个时期,这时主体经由一个心理上的努力寻找他的性化。要成功完成这一任务,他将不得不哀悼他自身原始的自恋,而且这也意味着对“他童年父母”的哀悼。如同温尼科特所说,青少年不想要被理解;相反,他寻找对抗。假如他直接对父母,对其他成人或分析师求助,那并不是因为他想要他们给他的问题施加一个答案。他想要的是确保这一点:有某个人会接受他的对抗,而不用感受到精神上的威胁。
At present, we tend too much towards the psychiatrization of adolescence. At the centre for adolescents where I work, young people come to talk; frequently it is the parents or relatives who are worried about a young person and they make the first telephone call. We always ask the parents or the school or college nurse to ask the young person to phone and confirm his request. And, most of the time, the adolescents do phone. If they do not want to do it, we can listen to the worries of the parents; and we can also help them so that their children do come to consult us. We notice that, frequently, the adolescents come to talk, because, as I have already said, they are like babies who do not have the words to express themselves.
现在,我们对青春期的精神病症化方面谈得太多了。在我工作的青少年中心,年轻人来谈话;通常是对年轻人感到担忧的父母或亲属拨打第一个咨询电话。我们总是要求父母或学校或共事的护士请年轻人打电话并确定他的要求。而且,青少年大多时间打电话了。假如他们不想打电话,我们可以倾听父母的担忧;我们也能帮助他们以便他们的孩子来找我们咨询。我们注意到,青少年频繁地来交谈,因为如同我已经说的那样,他们就象找不到词语来表达他们自己的婴儿。
The psychoanalyst who does not fear silence will be able to help an adolescent to overcome a difficulty which he faces during this “time in-between”. But he must be able to withstand silence. If the analyst is a mirror, he is a one way mirror. In his encounter with the adolescent he has to take the road of a symbolic creation: he has to invent means of mediation; he has to sustain a project; and he has to cope well at a time of crisis. Appealing to us, the adolescent can find a support that will enable him to identify with his sexuated body, male or female.
不害怕沉默的分析师将能够帮助一个青少年克服他在这一“中间时期”面临的困难。但他必须能经受沉默。如果分析师是一面镜子,他就是一个单面镜。在他同青少年的会见中他不得不走象征性创造的道路:他不得不发明中介的意义;他不得不支撑一个项目;而且他不得不在一个危机时刻应对良好。当向我们求助,青少年能够找到一个支撑,使得他能认同被性化的身体,男性或女性。
And, as far as parents are concerned, when will this “adolescence period” end ? In relation to this question they ask about their adolescent child, I would like to quote Françoise Dolto, who thinks that the crisis ends “(…) when their parents’ anxieties do not inhibit them anymore. When the young person can say&nbs, p;‘my parents are as they are; I will not change them and I will not try to change, , them; if they do not accept me as I am, all the worse for them, I will chuck them out”.
而且,就父母来说,他们的问题是,这一“青春期”何时会终止?对他们问到的关于他们青少年孩子的问题,我愿意引用Françoise Dolto的话,她认为,“(…)当父母的焦虑不再约束他们。当年轻人能够说‘我的父母就是他们本来的样子;我不会改变他们,不会尽力改变他们;假如他们不接受我, 本来的样子,对他们而言反而更坏的是,我会开除他们’”,这时危机就终止了。